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A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces above a area, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are widely utilized to conceal floor and roof construction. They have been special places for decor from the earliest times: either by coating the flat surface, in emphasizing the structural members of roof or floor, or by treating it as a space for an overall pattern of relief.

Only a little is proved of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were rich with relief as well as painting, as is evidenced by the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the general design to use structural aspects decoratively then adapted to the instigation of the beamed ceiling, for which large cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being richly chamfered and molded and usually painted in beautiful colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was moved to its highest peak of individuality and difference. Three types were furthered. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far bettered their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were produced, with their edges richly carved and the field of each coffer decorated with a rosette. The second type consisted of ceilings largely or partially vaulted, mostly with arched intersections, with painted bands showcasing the architectural design and with pictures covering the rest of the space. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a great illustration of this. In the Baroque period, amazing figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also brought in to decorate ceilings of this type. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style illustrate this. In the third sort, which was markedly iconic of Venice, the ceiling became a sizeable framed painting, like in the Doges’ Palace.

In modern day architecture ceilings can be separated into two major varieties — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at some distance below the structural members, some architects have attempted to cover great amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. The large part of suspended ceilings use a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to support plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, featuring the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in exposing the mechanical and electrical equipment. From this desire, many structural systems have been developed that have a deliberate power in themselves and become admirable ceilings.

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