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A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces covering a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are often placed to hide floor and roof construction. They have been favourite areas for decor from the earliest times: either in coating the flat surface, by emphasizing the structural members of roof or floor, or by commandeering it as a surface for an allover pattern of relief.

Not much is known of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were designed richly with relief as well as painting, as is shown within the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the normal tendency to bring out structural parts decoratively then led to the instigation of the beamed ceiling, for which huge cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being richly chamfered and molded and often painted in decorative colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was progressed to its highest point of uniqueness and variety. Three forms were developed. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the delicate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far exceeded their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were popular, with their edges richly carved and the field of each coffer flourished with a rosette. The second form consisted of ceilings wholly or mostly vaulted, generally with arched intersections, with painted bands emphasizing the architectural design and with pictures covering the remainder of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a prime demonstration of this. During the Baroque period, fantastic figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also used to decorate ceilings of this form. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style show this. In the third kind, which was particularly characteristic of Venice, the ceiling became one single framed painting, as seen in the Doges’ Palace.

In contemporary architecture ceilings are sometimes divided into two major classes — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance below the structural members, some architects have attempted to cover great amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Most suspended ceilings use a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold up plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, bringing out the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in revealing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Due to this desire, many structural systems have been developed that have a deliberately expressive power in themselves and make desirable ceilings.

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