Ceilings: History and Purpose
A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces above a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are commonly placed to cover floor and roof construction. They have been favoured spaces for decoration from the earliest times: either in painting the flat surface, in featuring the structural members of roof or floor, or by dedicating it as a space for an allover pattern of relief.
Little more than guesswork is understood of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were rich with relief as well as painting, as is shown within the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. During the Gothic period, the general design to use structural aspects decoratively then came to the development of the beamed ceiling, in which large cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being strongly chamfered and molded and often painted in beautiful colours.
In the Renaissance, ceiling design was evolved to its highest point of originality and difference. Three forms were elaborated. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the delicate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far emulated their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers abounded, with their edges ornately carved and the field of each coffer marked with a rosette. The second type consisted of ceilings largely or somewhat vaulted, mostly with arched intersections, with painted bands bringing out the architectural design and with pictures covering the remainder of the area. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a prime demonstration of this. In the Baroque period, fantastic figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also used to decorate ceilings of this form. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style demonstrate this. In the third kind, which was markedly iconic of Venice, the ceiling became one large framed painting, as seen in the Doges’ Palace.
In modern day architecture ceilings may be split into two major types — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at a distance underneath the structural members, some architects have worked to hide great amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Many suspended ceilings have a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold up plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.
Other architects, desiring the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take pleasure in revealing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Due to this desire, many structural systems have been created that have a deliberate power in themselves and make admirable ceilings.
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