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The word cockroach is a corruption of the Spanish cucaracha. The cockroach is recognized by a flattened oval body, long stringlike antennae, and a glossy black or brown leathery integument. The head is aimed downward, and the mouthparts are directed rearward instead of forward or downward as is the case with most other insects. The male generally has two pairs of wings, unlike the female, who in some species, is wingless or has vestigial wings. The female produces eggs in egg cases (known as oothecae). These are at times held coming from her body or may be held in protected areas. After the female deposits an egg case, the soft, white nymphs emerge. As their exoskeleton toughens, it turns brown in shade. The form and huge size (certain species demonstrate a wing spread of upwards of 12 cm [4.7 inches]) of cockroaches have become objects of area in the biological laboratory.

The cockroach takes a warm, humid, dark living and is usually found in tropical or other mild locations. Only a few species have become pests. The insect harms more material than it digests and emits a disgusting smell. The eating habits of the roach, which includes both plant and animal produce, ranges from food, paper, clothing, and books to dead insects, especially bedbugs. Insecticides are taken in roach removing.

The American cockroach (species Periplaneta americana) is 30 to 50 mm long (up to about 2 inches), reddish brown, and lives outdoors or in dark, heated indoor locations (e.g., basements and furnace rooms). In adult life, lasting about 1.5 years, the female drops 50 or more oothecae, each containing usually 16 eggs that hatch after 45 days. Nymphal life goes from 11 to 14 months. The American cockroach, a native of tropical and subtropical America, possesses well-developed wings. However, many species are usually not gifted flyers.

The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a common pest in houses and is sometimes erroneously labeled a waterbug, is light brown with two dark stripes on the prothoracic region. The female generates the ootheca three days post mating and carries it for about 20 days. Because it is miniature (about 12 mm [less than 0.5 inch] long), this cockroach generally can be introduced into residences in grocery bags and boxes; it has been spread across the world by boat. Three or more generations could live yearly. This cockroach, found in abundance throughout the water pipes of the Croton Aqueduct in New York City, has become called the Croton bug.

The brown-banded cockroach (Supella supellectilium) is similar to the German cockroach but is even smaller. The male possesses completely developed wings and is lighter in colour than the female, whose wings are undeveloped and nonfunctional. Both sexes have two light-coloured bands across the back. The adult life span is generally around 200 days, and there might be two generations annually. Eggs might be dropped in clothes, wood molding, or cracks in the floor. With the innovation of heated buildings this cockroach became established in cooler temperatures.

The Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is considered one of the dirtiest of household pests. It is oval, shiny black or dark brown, 25 to 30 mm (1 to 1.2 inches) long, with a life cycle like that of the American cockroach. The male possesses short, fully developed wings, while the female possesses vestigial wings. This cockroach has been taken in vehicles of commerce from its Asiatic origins to almost every temperate regions.

Wood roaches are non-domestic pests. Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, the common wood cockroach, may be found in logs and stones in northern latitudes. The male and female are so different in appearance that they were initially seen as unique species. The male, 15 to 25 mm (0.6 to 1 inch) long, possesses wings that expand beyond the abdomen; the female is smaller and has much shorter wings. Cryptocercus punctulatus eats wood with the assistance of some protozoans in its digestive tract.

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