As the Dutch came to preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the first yacht had been a pleasure craft used initially by royalty and later by the burghers in the canals and the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Racing yachts was incidental, borne from private games. English yachting originated with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his return to the English monarchy in 1660, the city of Amsterdam presented him with a 20-metre (66-foot) pleasure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, sovereign 1685–88), built additional yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and the same way back, on a £100 wager. Yachting was found to be classy among the affluent and nobility, but after that time the trend did not last.
The first yacht association in the British Isles, the Water Club, was instigated in about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard organization, with large naval panoply and gravity. The closest thing to a race was the “chase,” when the “fleet” pursued an imaginary enemy. The club endured, mostly as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, when joining with other clubs, it became the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing was first seen in some stipulated method on the Thames around the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland founded the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV ascended to monarchy in 1820, it was named the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded following a racing fight, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht association had been initiated at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal patronage made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the continued site of British racing. The association at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, also at the accession of George IV. All members were required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing matches for large stakes were held, and the social life was wonderful. Eventually Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to more than 350 tons.
In North America, yachting was first accomplished with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and persisted when the English held power. Sailing was for the most part for pleasure and found its epitome in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which cruised on the Mediterranean Sea and established a minimum of luxury and sophistication for the later yachts in those waters from the late 19th century. The first enduring American yacht society, the Detroit Boat Club, was started in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens began the New York Yacht Club aboard his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
The Early sailing yachts followed the lines of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century through to the second half of the 19th century. The craft of large yachts was originally largely put upon by the win of America, which was created by George Steers for a association started by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) was named after its victory at Cowes in 1851. Earlier yachts were not designed and built in today’s sense, with merely a model used. Not until the latter half of the 19th century did what was labeled naval architecture come about. Not until the 1920s did the application of the research of aerodynamics do for the structure of sails and rigging what it had done earlier for hulls.
Because almost all sailboats were individually custom-built, there arose a requirement for handicapping boats as this was before the one-design class boats were built. Thus, a rating rule was written, which is found in the International Rule, adopted in 1906 and revised in 1919. Today, one of the fastest flourishing areas in the sailing industry is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are manufactured to single specifications in length, beam, sail area, and other areas (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing for those boats can be held on an even basis with no handicapping at all. A prime example is the generic International America’s Cup Class taken on for racers in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
So long as yachting was an activity primarily for the nobility and the affluent, expense was no issue, and the size of boats increased, in both length and weight. The promotion and desire of smaller yachts happened in the later half of the 19th century out of the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A journey around the world (1895–98) sailed single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray demonstrated the seaworthiness of small craft. Thereafter in the 20th century, for the larger part after World War II, smaller racing and leisure yachts became more popular, down to the dinghy, a popular training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, craft of less than 3 m were sailed single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
Post the decade 1840–50, at which point steam began to take the place of sail power in public vessels, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were used increasingly in leisure craft. Large power yachts were furthered to a high standard, and long-distance cruising became a favoured activity of the well off. The earliest power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; these then made way to yachts powered by the completely submerged screw or propeller kind of propulsion. Like naval and merchant boats, auxiliaries possessing both sail and power were the yacht fashion for many years. By the latter half of the 20th century, a lot of yachts were still auxiliaries, but the majority were solely power yachts that had gasoline or diesel engines.
During the last decade of the 19th century there was a push in the manufacture of large steam yachts. Conspicuous among these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, with triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was manned by a crew of at least 150. The Mayflower, bought by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and saw active service for World War II.
As larger and more dependable internal-combustion engines were created, many large craft began using them for power. The creation of the diesel engine, with heavy oil for fuel, progressed during World War I. During the decade following, large power-yacht creation blossomed, hitting a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. In that point the best auxiliary yacht manufactured was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The manufacture of big power boats declined in 1932, and the trend after that was toward smaller, less expensive boats. From World War II, many small naval vessels were sold to private owners for conversion to yachts. In the late 20th century, yachting had become a widespread popular activity enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen individually sailing and upkeeping their own small leisure boats. The amount of craft and owners increased steadily, not only in the traditional areas on the sea but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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