As the Dutch came to preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the initial yacht had been a pleasure craft used first by royalty and later by the burghers in the canals and then in the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Yacht racing was incidental, coming out of private challenges. English yachting started with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his restoration to the English royalty in 1660, the city of Amsterdam presented him with a 20-metre (66-foot) pleasure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he then named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, reigned 1685–88), made more yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and returning, on a £100 punt. Yachting rose as classy among the wealthy and royalty, but after that period the trend did not last.
The first yacht club in the British Isles, the Water Club, was formed around about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard association, and had large naval panoply and formality. The closest thing to a race was the “chase,” when the “fleet” pursued an imagined enemy. The club endured, mostly as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, after conglomerating with other clubs, it was known as the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing began in some stipulated method on the Thames around the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland founded the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV ascended to the throne in 1820, it came to be called the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded following a racing argument, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht association had been initiated at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal patronage made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the continued setting of British yacht racing. The club at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, also at the rise of George IV. Every member was required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing matches for great bets were held, and the social life was lovely. Eventually Royal Yachting Club boats were raised in size to more than 350 tons.
In North America, yachting began with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and continued when the English took control. Sailing was mostly for leisure and rose to its epitome in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which sailed on the Mediterranean Sea and established a benchmark of luxury and elegance for the later yachts in that area from the late 19th century. The first continuing American yacht association, the Detroit Boat Club, was started in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens began the New York Yacht Club while on board his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
The first sailing yachts were within the style of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century until the second half of the 19th century. The design of sizeable yachts was originally largely affected by the victory of America, which was designed by George Steers for a syndicate started by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) had its namesake after its victory at Cowes in 1851. Early yachts were not designed and crafted in today’s sense, with only a model being used. Not until the latter half of the 19th century did what was known as naval architecture come into being. Not until the 1920s did the application of the research of aerodynamics do for the structure of sails and rigging what such science had already done for hulls.
Because most of all sailboats had been individually manufactured, there arose a desire for handicapping boats as this was before the one-design class boats were designed. Therefore, a rating rule was decreed, which is found in the International Rule, adopted in 1906 and edited in 1919. In the present day, one of the most rapidly growing areas in the sailing industry is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are built to the same dimensions in length, beam, sail area, and other elements (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing between these boats can be held on an even playing field with no handicapping at all. A perfect example is the standard International America’s Cup Class taken on for participants in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
So long as yachting was an activity largely for the aristocracy and the wealthy, expense was no object, and the size of boats grew, in both length and weight. The ascendancy and preference of smaller boats happened in the later half of the 19th century in the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A journey around the world (1895–98) captained single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray demonstrated the value of less sizeable craft. Thereafter in the 20th century, notably after World War II, smaller racing and recreational boats became more common, down to the dinghy, a preferred training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, craft of less than 3 m were sailed single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
Post the decade 1840–50, when steam started to emulate sail power in market craft, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were increasingly employed in leisure yachts. Large power yachts were progressed to a high element, and long-distance travel was a fond pastime of the rich. The early power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; those then made way to yachts powered by the fully submerged screw or propeller kind of propulsion. Like naval and merchant craft, auxiliaries with both sail and power were the yacht fashion for a number of years. By the later half of the 20th century, several yachts were still auxiliaries, but the majority were only power yachts containing gasoline or diesel engines.
In the last decade of the 19th century there was a boom in the design of bigger steam yachts. In particular among these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, that had triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was operated by a crew of more than 150. The Mayflower, commissioned by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and gave active service in World War II.
As larger and better quality internal-combustion engines were created, many large boats began using them for power. The establishment of the diesel engine, with heavy oil for fuel, progressed from World War I. In the decade following that, big power-yacht building blossomed, hitting a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. In that time the best auxiliary yacht constructed was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The building of larger power yachts fell away from 1932, and the fashion thereafter was in preference of smaller, less expensive craft. Following World War II, many small naval vessels were traded by private owners for conversion to yachts. At the late 20th century, yachting has become a internationally popular sport enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen who are actually manning and keeping their own small recreational craft. The amount of boats and sailors increased steadily, not only in the traditional areas by the sea but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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