As the Dutch found dominance in sea power during the 17th century, the early yacht became a leisure craft used first by royalty and later by the burghers in the canals and then in the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Racing was incidental, borne from private games. English yachting began with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his reaffirmation to the English throne in 1660, the city of Amsterdam presented him with a 20-metre (66-foot) leisure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he called Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, reigned 1685–88), built more yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and the same way back, on a £100 wager. Yachting became classy for the wealthy and aristocracy, but after that time the fashion did not last.
The first yacht group in the British Isles, the Water Club, was formed at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard association, with much naval panoply and gravity. The closest thing to racing boats was the “chase,” when the “fleet” pursued an imagined enemy. The club endured, mostly as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, when merging with other societies, it became known as the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing was first seen in some ordered fashion on the Thames about the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland instigated the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV ascended to sovereignty in 1820, it was called the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded with a racing dispute, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht organisation had been formed at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal sponsorship made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the perpetual setting of British racing. The organisation at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, likewise at the ascension of George IV. Each member was required to possess boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing races for large bets were held, and the social life was splendid. Ultimately Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to over 350 tons.
In North America, yachting began with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and continued when the English had dominance. Sailing was for the most part for fun and reached its apogee in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which sailed on the Mediterranean Sea and established a benchmark of luxury and elegance for the later yachts in that area from the late 19th century. The first enduring American yacht organisation, the Detroit Boat Club, was instigated in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens founded the New York Yacht Club while aboard his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
The first sailing yachts were within the lines of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century through to the latter half of the 19th century. The design of large yachts was initially greatly put upon by the victory of America, which was designed by George Steers for a club led by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) found its namesake after its success at Cowes in 1851. The first yachts were not designed and built in today’s sense, with just a model for an outline. Not until the latter half of the 19th century did what was known as naval architecture come into action. Not until the 1920s did the employment of the study of aerodynamics do for the design of sails and rigging what science had earlier done for hulls.
Because nearly all sailboats were individually manufactured, there was a requirement for handicapping boats previous to the one-design class boats were built. Hence, a rating rule was created, which resulted in the International Rule, taken on in 1906 and revised in 1919. Today, one of the rapidly blossoming areas in the sailing industry is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are created to standard specifications in length, beam, sail area, and other areas (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing between such boats can be had on an even basis with no handicapping required. A great example is the generic International America’s Cup Class taken on for yachts in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
So long as yachting belonged largely for the nobility and the wealthy, expense was no object, and the size of boats grew, in both length and weight. The ascendancy and desire of smaller yachts came in the later half of the 19th century in the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A trip around the world (1895–98) captained single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray made plain the hardiness of smaller yachts. Later in the 20th century, notably after World War II, smaller racing and recreational yachts became more common, down to the dinghy, a preferred training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, boats of less than 3 m were traveled in single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
After the decade 1840–50, during which steam began to emulate sail power in commercial craft, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were employed increasingly in leisure craft. Bigger power yachts were furthered to a high degree, and long-distance travel was a favourite occupation of the affluent. The early power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; these then gave way to yachts powered by the fully submerged screw or propeller type of propulsion. Like naval and merchant yachts, auxiliaries possessing both sail and power were the yacht standard for many years. By the latter half of the 20th century, a lot of yachts were still auxiliaries, but the large part were exclusively power yachts containing gasoline or diesel engines.
In the last decade of the 19th century there was a push in the manufacture of more sizeable steam yachts. Notably of these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, with triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was operated by a crew of at least 150. The Mayflower, bought by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and was used in active service during World War II.
As bigger and more reliable internal-combustion engines were created, many big yachts were using them for power. The creation of the diesel engine, with heavy oil for fuel, advanced for World War I. During the decade following, bigger power-yacht building flourished, climaxing in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. From that period the best auxiliary yacht constructed was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The construction of large power boats fell away from 1932, and the style after that was in preference of smaller, less costly yachts. After World War II, many small naval craft were traded by private owners for conversion to yachts. In the late 20th century, yachting has become a globally loved sport enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen who are actually manning and maintaining their own small pleasure yachts. The popularity of boats and yachtsmen has increased steadily, not only in the traditional locations by the beach but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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